Guía para el uso del deflectómetro de impacto (FWD) en el diagnóstico y diseño de pavimento flexible”.
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Date
2021-11-24
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Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 2.5 Colombia
Abstract
Se describen los principales equipos para medir deflexiones en pavimentos existentes,
enfatizando en los deflectometros de impacto por ser los de uso común en campo. Así mismo, se
presentan métodos para estimar un módulo elástico y las consideraciones que cada uno de ellos
establece en sus metodologías; con especial atención en las destinadas a pavimentos asfálticos y,
en algunos casos, para pavimentos rígidos; sin embargo, el marco de trabajo es la teoría elástica
multicapa como método de análisis. Debe destacarse de varios de los programas de cómputo
disponibles utilizan diversas consideraciones, por lo que pueden tener discrepancias
considerables en sus resultados. Es posible utilizar otros procedimientos de análisis, tal como el
elemento finito; no obstante, resulta necesario realizar adecuaciones para su uso. Como
complemento, se describen los parámetros de un método para estimar los módulos elásticos de
capa a partir de mediciones de deflexión, que pueden utilizarse en la evaluación de pavimentos, o
de diseño de sobrecarpetas. A fin de caracterizar los materiales en las capas de los pavimentos, el
módulo resiliente obtenido en laboratorio constituye un insumo para algunos procedimientos de
diseño de sobrecarpetas. El análisis de deflexión proporciona una técnica capaz de utilizar el
módulo elástico equivalente de una estructura de pavimento en lugar de obtener el módulo
resiliente en laboratorio de muestras pequeñas, y en algunas ocasiones de muestras alteradas. Para
muchos procedimientos de diseño de sobrecarpetas que se basan en la teoría elástica multicapa, el
módulo resiliente se constituye por uno elástico de capa equivalente, debido a que el módulo
equivalente se determina como un promedio del total de las superposiciones en las condiciones
de esfuerzo en campo de un pavimento actual. También se destacan algunos de los factores que
afectan los resultados de los ensayos no destructivos para la determinación de deflexiones, los
cuales deben analizarse con el propósito de eliminar o de minimizar sus efectos, o tomarlos en
consideración en la interpretación de los resultados. Dichos factores son entre otros, la magnitud
y duración de la carga; las propiedades no lineales de los materiales que conforman los
pavimentos; la temperatura y la humedad; y las condiciones en que se encuentra el pavimento.
Por último, se describen algunas experiencias importantes que puedan llevarse a cabo para
entender mejor las metodologías de evaluación de pavimentos en diferentes niveles de
auscultación, y los estudios que establecen relaciones entre las temperaturas y las variaciones del
contenido de agua en las capas de los pavimentos, en las diferentes épocas del año.
Se presentan y discuten los principales aspectos de la evaluación estructural de los pavimentos de
concreto asfáltico con ensayos no destructivos; particularmente, el método desarrollado a partir
de los refractómetros de impacto, FWD por sus siglas en inglés. Así mismo, se describen
metodologías para estimar los módulos elásticos de las capas de pavimento evaluadas con esta
técnica, y las ventajas y limitaciones de tales herramientas; además de los cuidados que se deben
tener al utilizar los resultados de la evaluación en el diseño de refuerzo de los pavimentos.
Finalmente, se hacen recomendaciones para estudios futuros.
The main equipment for measuring deflections in existing pavements is described, emphasizing impact deflectometers as they are commonly used in the field. Likewise, methods are presented to estimate an elastic modulus and the considerations that each one of them establishes in their methodologies; with special attention in those destined to asphalt pavements and, in some cases, for rigid pavements; however, the framework is multilayer elastic theory as a method of analysis. It should stand out from several of the available computer programs that use various considerations, so you can have considerable discrepancies in your results. It is possible to use other analysis procedures, such as the finite element; however, it is necessary to make adjustments for its use. As a complement, the parameters of a method to estimate the elastic modulus of the layer from deflection measurements are described, which can be used in the evaluation of pavements, or of overlay design. In order to characterize the materials in the pavement layers, the resilient modulus obtained in the laboratory constitutes an input for some overlay design procedures. Deflection analysis provides a technique capable of using the equivalent elastic modulus of a pavement structure instead of obtaining the resilient modulus in the laboratory from small samples, and sometimes from disturbed samples. For many overlay design procedures that are based on multilayer elastic theory, the resilient modulus is constituted by an equivalent layer elastic modulus, because the equivalent modulus is determined as an average of the total overlaps under stress conditions in field of a current pavement. Some of the factors that affect the results of non-destructive tests for the determination of deflections are also highlighted, which must be analyzed with the purpose of eliminating or minimizing their effects, or taking them into consideration in the interpretation of the results. Said factors are, among others, the magnitude and duration of the load; the non-linear properties of the materials that make up the pavements; temperature and humidity; and the condition of the pavement. Finally, some important experiences that can be carried out to better understand pavement evaluation methodologies are described at different auscultation levels, and the studies that establish relationships between temperatures and variations in water content in pavement layers, at different times of the year. The main aspects of the structural evaluation of asphalt concrete pavements with non-destructive tests are presented and discussed; particularly, the method developed from impact refractometers, FWD for its acronym in English. Likewise, methodologies are described to estimate the elastic moduli of the pavement layers evaluated with this technique, and the advantages and limitations of such tools; in addition to the care that must be taken when using the results of the evaluation in the design of reinforcement of the pavements. Finally, recommendations are made for future studies.
The main equipment for measuring deflections in existing pavements is described, emphasizing impact deflectometers as they are commonly used in the field. Likewise, methods are presented to estimate an elastic modulus and the considerations that each one of them establishes in their methodologies; with special attention in those destined to asphalt pavements and, in some cases, for rigid pavements; however, the framework is multilayer elastic theory as a method of analysis. It should stand out from several of the available computer programs that use various considerations, so you can have considerable discrepancies in your results. It is possible to use other analysis procedures, such as the finite element; however, it is necessary to make adjustments for its use. As a complement, the parameters of a method to estimate the elastic modulus of the layer from deflection measurements are described, which can be used in the evaluation of pavements, or of overlay design. In order to characterize the materials in the pavement layers, the resilient modulus obtained in the laboratory constitutes an input for some overlay design procedures. Deflection analysis provides a technique capable of using the equivalent elastic modulus of a pavement structure instead of obtaining the resilient modulus in the laboratory from small samples, and sometimes from disturbed samples. For many overlay design procedures that are based on multilayer elastic theory, the resilient modulus is constituted by an equivalent layer elastic modulus, because the equivalent modulus is determined as an average of the total overlaps under stress conditions in field of a current pavement. Some of the factors that affect the results of non-destructive tests for the determination of deflections are also highlighted, which must be analyzed with the purpose of eliminating or minimizing their effects, or taking them into consideration in the interpretation of the results. Said factors are, among others, the magnitude and duration of the load; the non-linear properties of the materials that make up the pavements; temperature and humidity; and the condition of the pavement. Finally, some important experiences that can be carried out to better understand pavement evaluation methodologies are described at different auscultation levels, and the studies that establish relationships between temperatures and variations in water content in pavement layers, at different times of the year. The main aspects of the structural evaluation of asphalt concrete pavements with non-destructive tests are presented and discussed; particularly, the method developed from impact refractometers, FWD for its acronym in English. Likewise, methodologies are described to estimate the elastic moduli of the pavement layers evaluated with this technique, and the advantages and limitations of such tools; in addition to the care that must be taken when using the results of the evaluation in the design of reinforcement of the pavements. Finally, recommendations are made for future studies.
Description
Elaboración guía para el análisis y diagnóstico del número estructural efectivo y la
metodología de deflectometría para la evaluación de un pavimento después de construido.
Keywords
Asfalto, Capa de rodadura, Pavimento, Bases granulares, Deflexiones, Vías, Asphalt, Wearing course,, Pavement, Granular bases, Roads, Deflections